Economic Inequality: A Multi-Part Research Series - Federal Reserve Bank of New York

Economic analysis often focuses on understanding the average effects of a policy or program and, though useful, does not tell the whole story. This recurring series explores how policies and economic trends vary across geographic, demographic, and socioeconomic boundaries, through the lens of race, gender, age, income, education, and other factors. In tandem with the Equitable Growth Indicators (EGIs), we deliver timely data and analysis on a range of topics.

See article on Equitable Growth by Kartik B. Athreya, director of research and head of the Research and Statistics Group.

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Date	Title	Series Title	Author(s)
May 08, 2024	How Are They Now? A Checkup on Homeowners Who Experienced Foreclosure		Andrew Haughwout, Donghoon Lee, Daniel Mangrum, Belicia Rodriguez, Joelle Scally, and Wilbert van der Klaauw
Apr 09, 2024	A Focus on ‘Equitable’ and ‘Growth’ in Understanding the Economy		Kartik B. Athreya
Feb 14, 2024	How and Why Do Consumers Use “Buy Now, Pay Later”?		Felix Aidala, Daniel Mangrum, and Wilbert van der Klaauw
Feb 07, 2024	Racial and Ethnic Wealth Inequality in the Post-Pandemic Era	Wealth Inequality	Rajashri Chakrabarti, Natalia Emanuel, and Ben Lahey
Feb 07, 2024	Wealth Inequality by Age in the Post-Pandemic Era	Wealth Inequality	Rajashri Chakrabarti, Natalia Emanuel, and Ben Lahey
Jan 10, 2024	An Overlooked Factor in Banks’ Lending to Minorities		Matteo Crosignani and Hanh Le
Dec 01, 2023	Recent Disparities in Earnings and Employment		Rajashri Chakrabarti, Kasey Chatterji-Len, Dan Garcia, and Maxim Pinkovskiy
Nov 17, 2023	Flood-Prone Basement Housing in New York City and the Impact on Low- and Moderate-Income Renters	Impact of Extreme Weather	Claire Kramer Mills, Ambika Nair, and Julian di Giovanni
Nov 16, 2023	Small Business Recovery after Natural Disasters in the Fed’s Second District	Impact of Extreme Weather	Asani Sarkar
Nov 15, 2023	How Do Natural Disasters Affect Small Business Owners in the Fed's Second District?	Impact of Extreme Weather	Asani Sarkar
Nov 09, 2023	Transition Risks in the Fed’s Second District and the Nation	Impact of Extreme Weather	Kristian Blickle, Rajashri Chakrabarti, and Maxim Pinkovskiy
Nov 08, 2023	Comparing Physical Risk: The Fed’s Second District versus the Nation	Impact of Extreme Weather	Kristian Blickle, Rajashri Chakrabarti, and Maxim Pinkovskiy
Oct 18, 2023	Borrower Expectations for the Return of Student Loan Repayment		Rajashri Chakrabarti, Daniel Mangrum, Sasha Thomas, and Wilbert van der Klaauw
Oct 16, 2023	Racial Discrimination in Child Protective Services		Natalia Emanuel, E. Jason Baron, Joseph J. Doyle Jr., and Peter Hull
Oct 05, 2023	Does Income Inequality Affect Small Firms?		Donggyu Lee, Thomas Drechsel, and Sebastian Doerr
Sep 26, 2023	Who Uses “Buy Now, Pay Later"?		Felix Aidala, Daniel Mangrum, and Wilbert van der Klaauw
Jun 22, 2023	Elevated Rent Expectations Continue to Pressure Low-Income Households		Andrew Haughwout, Ben Hyman, Ben Lahey, Devon Lall, and Jason Somerville
May 25, 2023	Do Veterans Face Disparities in Higher Education, Health, and Housing?	Military Service and Economic Differences	Rajashri Chakrabarti, Dan Garcia, and Maxim Pinkovskiy
May 25, 2023	Do Veterans Face Disparities in the Labor Market—And What Accounts for Them?	Military Service and Economic Differences	Rajashri Chakrabarti, Dan Garcia, and Maxim Pinkovskiy
Feb 27, 2023	Does the CRA Increase Household Access to Credit?		Erica Bucchieri, Jacob Conway, Jack Glaser, and Matthew Plosser
Jan 18, 2023	Inflation Disparities by Race and Income Narrow	Inflation Disparities	Rajashri Chakrabarti, Dan Garcia, and Maxim Pinkovskiy
Jan 18, 2023	Young, Less Educated Faced Higher Inflation in 2021—But Gaps Now Closed	Inflation Disparities	Rajashri Chakrabarti, Dan Garcia, and Maxim Pinkovskiy
Jan 18, 2023	Rural Households Hit Hardest by Inflation in 2021-22	Inflation Disparities	Rajashri Chakrabarti, Dan Garcia, and Maxim Pinkovskiy
Oct 20, 2022	How Have Racial and Ethnic Earnings Gaps Changed after COVID-19?	The Labor Market after the COVID Recession	Rajashri Chakrabarti, Kasey Chatterji-Len, Daniel Garcia, and Maxim Pinkovskiy
Oct 20, 2022	Long COVID Appears to Have Led to a Surge of the Disabled in the Workplace	The Labor Market after the COVID Recession	Richard Deitz
Oct 04, 2022	Eviction Expectations in the Post-Pandemic Housing Market		Andrew Haughwout, Ben Hyman, Benjamin Lahey, and Jason Somerville
Jun 30, 2022	How Equitable Has the COVID Labor Market Recovery Been?	Inflation, Employment, and Equitable Growth	Ruchi Avtar, Rajashri Chakrabarti, and Maxim Pinkovskiy
Jun 30, 2022	Was the 2021-22 Rise in Inflation Equitable?	Inflation, Employment, and Equitable Growth	Ruchi Avtar, Rajashri Chakrabarti, and Maxim Pinkovskiy
Apr 21, 2022	What Might Happen When Student Loan Forbearance Ends?	Student Debt Forbearance and Forgiveness	Rajashri Chakrabarti, Jessica Lu, and Wilbert van der Klaauw
Apr 21, 2022	Who Are the Federal Student Loan Borrowers and Who Benefits from Forgiveness?	Student Debt Forbearance and Forgiveness	Jacob Goss, Daniel Mangrum, and Joelle Scally
Jan 07, 2022	The Effect of Inequality on the Transmission of Monetary and Fiscal Policy	Symposium on Heterogeneity in Macroeconomics	Marco Del Negro, Keshav Dogra, and Laura Pilossoph
Jan 06, 2022	The Effect of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Inequality	Symposium on Heterogeneity in Macroeconomics	Marco Del Negro, Keshav Dogra, and Laura Pilossoph
Nov 17, 2021	Uneven Distribution of Household Debt by Gender, Race, and Education	Household Debt and Educational Differences	Ruchi Avtar, Rajashri Chakrabarti, and Kasey Chatterji-Len
Nov 17, 2021	Unequal Distribution of Delinquencies by Gender, Race, and Education	Household Debt and Educational Differences	Ruchi Avtar, Rajashri Chakrabarti, and Kasey Chatterji-Len
Nov 17, 2021	The Role of Educational Attainment in Household Debt and Delinquency Disparities	Household Debt and Educational Differences	Ruchi Avtar, Rajashri Chakrabarti, and Kasey Chatterji-Len
Jul 01, 2021	Credit, Income, and Inequality	Financial Intermediation and Inequality	Manthos Delis, Fulvia Fringuellotti, and Steven Ongena
Jun 30, 2021	Banking the Unbanked: The Past and Future of the Free Checking Account	Financial Intermediation and Inequality	Stein Berre, Kristian Blickle, and Rajashri Chakrabarti
Jun 30, 2021	Hold the Check: Overdrafts, Fee Caps, and Financial Inclusion	Financial Intermediation and Inequality	Jennifer Dlugosz, Brian Melzer, and Donald P. Morgan
May 27, 2021	COVID-19 and Small Businesses: Uneven Patterns by Race and Income	COVID-19 and Small Businesses	Ruchi Avtar, Rajashri Chakrabarti, Davide Melcangi, Maxim Pinkovskiy, and Giorgio Topa
May 27, 2021	Who Received PPP Loans by Fintech Lenders?	COVID-19 and Small Businesses	Jessica Battisto, Nathan Godin, Claire Kramer Mills, and Asani Sarkar
May 27, 2021	Who Benefited from PPP Loans by Fintech Lenders?	COVID-19 and Small Businesses	Jessica Battisto, Nathan Godin, Claire Kramer Mills, and Asani Sarkar
May 19, 2021	Keeping Borrowers Current in a Pandemic	Mortgage Forbearance in COVID-19	Andrew Haughwout, Donghoon Lee, Joelle Scally, and Wilbert van der Klaauw
May 19, 2021	What Happens during Mortgage Forbearance?	Mortgage Forbearance in COVID-19	Andrew Haughwout, Donghoon Lee, Joelle Scally, and Wilbert van der Klaauw
May 19, 2021	Small Business Owners Turn to Personal Credit	Mortgage Forbearance in COVID-19	Andrew F. Haughwout, Donghoon Lee, Joelle Scally, and Wilbert van der Klaauw
May 19, 2021	What’s Next for Forborne Borrowers?	Mortgage Forbearance in COVID-19	Andrew Haughwout, Donghoon Lee, Joelle Scally, and Wilbert van der Klaauw
May 13, 2021	Racial and Income Gaps in Consumer Spending following COVID-19	COVID-19 and Consumer Spending	Ruchi Avtar, Rajashri Chakrabarti, Maxim Pinkovskiy, and Giorgio Topa
May 13, 2021	Who’s Ready to Spend? Constrained Consumption across the Income Distribution	COVID-19 and Consumer Spending	David Dam, Davide Melcangi, Laura Pilossoph, and Will Schirmer
Feb 09, 2021	Some Workers Have Been Hit Much Harder than Others by the Pandemic	The Labor Market in COVID-19	Jaison R. Abel and Richard Deitz
Feb 09, 2021	Understanding the Racial and Income Gap in Commuting for Work Following COVID-19	The Labor Market in COVID-19	Ruchi Avtar, Rajashri Chakrabarti, and Maxim Pinkovskiy
Feb 09, 2021	Black and White Differences in the Labor Market Recovery from COVID-19	The Labor Market in COVID-19	David Dam, Meghana Gaur, Fatih Karahan, Laura Pilossoph, and Will Schirmer
Jan 12, 2021	Essential Workers	The Racial and Income Gap in COVID-19	Ruchi Avtar, Rajashri Chakrabarti, and Maxim Pinkovskiy
Jan 12, 2021	Social Distancing, Pollution, and Demographics	The Racial and Income Gap in COVID-19	Ruchi Avtar, Rajashri Chakrabarti, Lindsay Meyerson, and Maxim Pinkovskiy
Jan 12, 2021	Health Insurance, Comorbidities, and Medical Facilities	The Racial and Income Gap in COVID-19	Ruchi Avtar, Rajashri Chakrabarti, and Maxim Pinkovskiy
Jan 12, 2021	Public Transportation and Home Crowding	The Racial and Income Gap in COVID-19	Ruchi Avtar, Rajashri Chakrabarti, and Maxim Pinkovskiy
Aug 19, 2020	Debt Relief and the CARES Act: Which Borrowers Face the Most Financial Strain?	COVID-19 and Credit Market Outcomes	Rajashri Chakrabarti, Andrew Haughwout, Donghoon Lee, William Nober, Joelle Scally, and Wilbert van der Klaauw
Aug 18, 2020	Debt Relief and the CARES Act: Which Borrowers Benefit the Most?	COVID-19 and Credit Market Outcomes	Rajashri Chakrabarti, Andrew Haughwout, Donghoon Lee, William Nober, Joelle Scally, and Wilbert van der Klaauw
Aug 17, 2020	Are Financially Distressed Areas More Affected by COVID-19?	COVID-19 and Credit Market Outcomes	Rajashri Chakrabarti, William Nober, and Maxim Pinkovskiy
Jul 08, 2020	Inequality in U.S. Homeownership Rates by Race and Ethnicity	Credit Market Outcomes	Andrew Haughwout, Donghoon Lee, Joelle Scally, and Wilbert van der Klaauw
Jul 08, 2020	Who Has Been Evicted and Why?	Credit Market Outcomes	Andrew Haughwout, Haoyang Liu, and Xiaohan Zhang
Jul 08, 2020	Measuring Racial Disparities in Higher Education and Student Debt Outcomes	Credit Market Outcomes	Rajashri Chakrabarti, William Nober, and Wilbert van der Klaauw
Jul 08, 2020	Do College Tuition Subsidies Boost Spending and Reduce Debt? Impacts by Income and Race	Credit Market Outcomes	Rajashri Chakrabarti, William Nober, and Wilbert van der Klaauw
Jul 08, 2020	Medicare and Financial Health across the United States	Credit Market Outcomes	Paul Goldsmith-Pinkham, Maxim Pinkovskiy, and Jacob Wallace
Jul 07, 2020	Introduction to Credit Market Outcomes	Credit Market Outcomes	Rajashri Chakrabarti
Mar 04, 2020	Women Have Been Hit Hard by the Loss of Routine Jobs, Too	Labor Market Outcomes	Jaison R. Abel and Richard Deitz
Mar 04, 2020	Is the Tide Lifting All Boats? A Closer Look at the Earnings Growth Experience of U.S. Workers	Labor Market Outcomes	René Chalom, Fatih Karahan, Brendan Moore, and Giorgio Topa
Mar 04, 2020	Searching for Higher Job Satisfaction	Labor Market Outcomes	Gizem Kosar, Leo Goldman, and Kyle Smith
Mar 04, 2020	How Does Credit Access Affect Job-Search Outcomes and Sorting?	Labor Market Outcomes	Kyle Herkenhoff and Gordon Phillips
Mar 03, 2020	Introduction to Labor Market Outcomes	Labor Market Outcomes	Rajashri Chakrabarti
Oct 16, 2019	Optimists and Pessimists in the Housing Market	Understanding Causes and Implications of Various Inequalities	Haoyang Liu and Christopher Palmer
Oct 15, 2019	Does U.S. Health Inequality Reflect Income Inequality – or Something Else?	Understanding Causes and Implications of Various Inequalities	Maxim Pinkovskiy
Oct 10, 2019	Is Free College the Solution to Student Debt Woes? Studying the Heterogeneous Impacts of Merit-Aid Programs	Understanding Causes and Implications of Various Inequalities	Rajashri Chakrabarti, William Nober, and Wilbert van der Klaauw
Oct 09, 2019	Who Borrows for College – and Who Repays?	Understanding Causes and Implications of Various Inequalities	Andrew F. Haughwout, Donghoon Lee, Joelle Scally, and Wilbert van der Klaauw
Oct 08, 2019	Job Ladders and Careers	Understanding Causes and Implications of Various Inequalities	Fatih Karahan, Brendan Moore, and Serdar Ozkan
Oct 07, 2019	Understanding Causes and Implications of Various Inequalities	Understanding Causes and Implications of Various Inequalities	Rajashri Chakrabarti and William Nober
Oct 07, 2019	Some Places Are Much More Unequal Than Others	Understanding Causes and Implications of Various Inequalities	Jaison R. Abel and Richard Deitz

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Economic Inequality: A Research Series